> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://failsafe.gitbook.io/failsafe/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://failsafe.gitbook.io/failsafe/whitepaper/failsafe-architecture/forward-security-in-failsafe/quantum-threats-to-evm-based-blockchains/on-ecdsa-key-re-use.md).

# On ECDSA Key Re-use

Networks where the common pattern is to use the same key pair across different transactions (like the EVM family of blockchains) face a greater risk, once quantum attacks become feasible. The attacker has a longer time window to derive the private key via the earlier record of transaction signatures. However, using new ECDSA key pairs per-transaction, may only offer some temporary relief; once quantum attacks become sufficiently fast, an attacker could derive the private key and [front-run](https://consensys.github.io/smart-contract-best-practices/attacks/frontrunning/) a targeted transaction. 

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